Potter, David S.: The Roman Empire at Bay, ad 180–395 (London, 2004) Pourshariati, Parvaneh: ‘Local Histories of Khurasan and the Pattern of Arab Settlement’ (Studia Iranica 27, 1998).

Ibid. Decline and Fall of the Sasanian Empire: The Sasanian– Parthian Confederacy and the Arab Conquest of Iran (London, 2008).

Premare, Alfred-Louis de: “Abd al-Malik b. Marwan and the Process of the Qur’an’s Composition’, in Ohlig and Puin.

Pummer, Reinhard: Early Christian Authors on Samaritans and Samaritanism (Tubingen, 2002).

Rabbat, Nasser: The Meaning of the Umayyad Dome of the Rock’ (Muqarnas 6, 1989).

Raby, Julian and Johns, Jeremy (eds): Bayt Al-Maqdis: ‘Abd al-Malik’s Jerusalem (Oxford, 1992).

Rahman, Fazlur: Islamic Methodology in History (Karachi, 1965).

Ibid. Major Themes of the Qur’an (Chicago, 1980).

Ibid. ‘Some Recent Books on the Qur’an by Western Authors’ (Journal of Religion 61, 1984).

Ramadan, Tariq: The Messenger: The Meanings of the Life of Muhammad (Oxford, 2007).

Rautman, Marcus: Daily Life in the Byzantine Empire (Westport, 2006).

Regnier, A.: ‘Quelques Enigmes litteraires de l’lnspiration coranique’ (Le Museon 52, 1939).

Reinink, Gerrit J.: ‘Die Enstehung der syrischen Alexanderlegende als politisch-religiose Propagandaschrift fur Herkleios’ Kirchenpolitik’, in After Chalcedon: Studies in Theology and Church History, ed. C. Laga, J. A. Munitiz and L. Van Rompay (Leuven, 1985).

Ibid. The Beginnings of Syriac Apologetic Literature in Response to Islam’ (Oriens Christians 77, 1993).

Ibid. ‘Heraclius, the New Alexander: Apocalyptic Prophecies’, in Reinink and Stolte.

Reinink, Gerrit J. and Stolte, Bernard H.: The Reign of Heraclius (610–641): Crisis and Confrontation (Leuven, 2002).

Rekavandi, Hamid Omrani, Sauer, Eberhard, Wilkinson, Tony and Nokandeh, Jebrael: The Enigma of the Red Snake: Revealing One of the World’s Greatest Frontier Walls’ (Current World Archaeology 27, 2008).

Reynolds, Gabriel Said (ed.): The Qur’an in its Historical Context (Abingdon, 2008).

Rippin, Andrew: ‘Literary Analysis of Qur’an, Tafsir and Sira: The Methodologies of John Wansbrough’, in Approaches to Islam in Religious Studies, ed. Richard C. Martin (Tucson, 1985).

Ibid, (ed.): Approaches to the History of the Interpretation of the Qur’an (Oxford, 1988).

Ibid. Muslims, Their Religious Beliefs and Practices (London, 1991).

Ibid. ‘Muhammad in the Qur’an: Reading Scripture in the 21st Century’, in Motzki 2000.

Ibid. The Qur’an and its Interpretative Tradition (Aldershot, 2001).

Ibid, (ed.): The Blackwell Companion to the Qur’an (Oxford, 2009).

Robinson, Chase F.: Islamic Historiography (Cambridge, 2003).

Ibid. The Conquest of Khuzistan: A Historiographical Reassessment’ (Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 67, 2004).

Ibid. Abd al-Malik (Oxford, 2005).

Rodinson, Maxime: Mohammed, trans. Anne Carter (New York, 1971).

Rogerson, Barnaby: The Prophet Muhammad: A Biography (London, 2003) Rosen, William: Justinian’s Flea: Plague, Empire, and the Birth of Europe (New York, 2007).

Rosen-Ayalon, Myriam: The Early Islamic Monuments of Al-Haram Al-Sharif: An Iconographic Study (Jerusalem, 1989).

Rostovzeff, M. I.: The Social and Economic History of the Roman Empire (Oxford, 1957).

Rouwhorst, Gerard: ‘Jewish Liturgical Traditions in Early Syriac Christianity’ (Vigiliae Christianae 51, 1997).

Roziewicz, M.: ‘Graeco-Islamic Elements at Kom el Dikka in the Light of New Discoveries: Remarks on Early Mediaeval Alexandria’ (Graeco Arabica 1, 1982).

Rubin, Uri: The “Constitution of Medina”: Some Notes’ (Studia Islamica 62, 1985).

Ibid. ‘Hanifiyya and Ka’ba. An Inquiry into the Arabian Pre-Islamic Background of Din Ibrahim’ (Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam 13, 1990).

Ibid. The Eye of the Beholder: The Life of Muhammad as Viewed by the Early Muslims (Princeton, 1995).

Ibid, (ed.): The Life of Muhammad (Aldershot, 1998).

Rubin, Zeev: The Mediterranean and the Dilemma of the Roman Empire in Late Antiquity’ (Mediterranean Historical Review 1, 1986).

Ibid. The Reforms of Khusro Anushirwan’, in Cameron 1995.