Год Шекспира
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Год Шекспира

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2016 г.
Аннотация

Далее — очередной выпуск рубрики «Год Шекспира».

Рубрике задает тон трогательное и торжественное «Письмо Шекспиру» английской писательницы Хилари Мантел в переводе Тамары Казавчинской. Затем — новый перевод «Венеры и Адониса». Свою русскоязычную версию знаменитой поэмы предлагает вниманию читателей поэт Виктор Куллэ (1962). А филолог и прозаик Александр Жолковский (1937) пробует подобрать ключи к «Гамлету». Здесь же — интервью с английским актером, режиссером и театральным деятелем Кеннетом Браной (1960), известным постановкой «Гамлета» и многих других шекспировских пьес. Перевод Елены Малышевой. Завершает рубрику — глава из поэмы американского поэта Хаима Плуцика (1911–1962) «Горацио» в переводе Антона Нестерова. Вот что он пишет, среди прочего, в своем предисловии: «…в глазах датского двора и народа Дании Гамлет — всего лишь убийца законного властителя, а история, рассказанная Призраком, никому, кроме принца и Горацио, не известна. Свидетельство Горацио — последнее и единственное оправдание принца. И на этом Плуцик строит свою поэму».

Хилари Мантел

Письмо Шекспиру

Перевод с английского Т. Казавчинской

Дорогой отец мой Шекспир!

На этой неделе я перевесила твой портрет туда, куда не доходят лучи солнца — начинается лето, и мне подумалось, что тебе так будет лучше. Признаюсь, я много лет не решалась повесить тебя у себя в комнате: боялась гостей. Когда на вопрос, кто ваш любимый писатель, следует ответ: «Шекспир», это воспринимается как отговорка. Но стоит сказать, что как сочинитель ты всем обязан Шекспиру, и собеседник заключает, что у тебя выраженная мания величия.

В конце концов, решила я: пусть думают, что им заблагорассудится, мне что за дело? Если уж так случилось, что ты стал для меня утешителем и вдохновителем, разве не чудесно всегда иметь твое лицо перед глазами? Ты вливал в меня силы, когда я падала духом, не позволял сдаваться, когда наступала черная полоса.

Родители у меня не из образованных. Дома в детстве книг было раз два и обчелся — впрочем, как и у всех знакомых и соседей. Но когда мне исполнилось одиннадцать и мать снова вышла замуж, жизнь переменилась. Мы переехали в другой город, и она стала буквально из кожи вон лезть, чтобы выглядеть пореспектабельней. В доме, решила она, должны быть книги — «как у людей». Ну а какие книги стоят «у людей»? Ясно, как божий день: полное собрание сочинений Шекспира.

Помню летний полдень, когда мы его купили: большой, черный, тяжелый томина на дешевой, газетной, с первых дней пожелтевшей бумаге, со смазанной, словно не просохшей типографской краской. Точно такие же «кирпичи» годами томятся на полках бесчисленных магазинов страны — пылеуловители, не знающие человеческого прикосновения. Но едва я открыла книгу, как она запульсировала в руках, словно живая. Любовники, заблудившиеся в лесу летней ночью; Цезарь, погибающий в кровавой стихии мятежа; жертвы кораблекрушения, выброшенные на неведомый остров; на зубчатой стене замка принц датский беседует с призраком.

Никто меня не предупредил, что читать тебя трудно, и читать тебя было легко. В тот год я перешла в старшие классы, где тебя положено изучать по программе. Но в каникулы совершился прорыв — нет-нет, не то, чтоб я прочла всё, от корки до корки, это случилось потом, но проглотила одну за другой не меньше десятка пьес. И тогда же неугасимой любовью полюбила твои бурные, непричесанные хроники — истории, порожденные мифами, всплывшие из толщи времени. В свои одиннадцать я мигом впитала то, в чем нуждалась острее всего: историю и поэзию, очутившись в самом их средоточии. Мне необходимо было прилепиться к чему-то душой: детство стремительно таяло. И дело было не только в другом городе, но и в другой фамилии, другом отце — вернее, отчиме. Отец от нас ушел, я его никогда больше не видела. Перемены были отнюдь не к лучшему, и почти всю последующую жизнь я ощущала себя безотцовщиной.

Но в один прекрасный день, лет пятнадцать назад, мне вдруг подумалось: «Что это я! Отец у меня есть, это Шекспир». Вот тогда-то, осознав, что ты для меня значишь, я и повесила у себя в комнате твой портрет. И в этом году, в дни 400-летнего юбилея со дня твоей смерти, я, одна из множества твоих преданных живущих на земле дочерей, ставлю свое имя под этим письмом. Нас миллионы — и нам не требуется ответа.

Хилари Мантел.

2016

Уильям Шекспир

Венера и Адонис

Поэма. С параллельным английским текстом. Перевод с английского Виктора Куллэ

Villa miretur vulgus; mihi flavus Apollo Pocula Castalia plena ministret aqua. [Ovid., I. Am., XV, 35–36]

To the Right honourable Henry Wriothesley, Earl of Southampton, and Baron of Tichfield.

Right honourable,

I know not how I shall offend in dedicating my unpolished lines to your Lordship, nor how the world will censure me for choosing so strong a prop to support so weak a burtden; only if your Honour seem but pleased I account myself highly praised, and vow to take advantage of all idle hours, till I have honoured you with some graver labour. But if the first heir of my invention prove deformed I shall be sorry it had so noble a godfather, and never after ear so barren a land, for fear it yield me still so bad a harvest. I leave it to your honourable survey, and your Honour to your heart’s content, which I wish may always answer your own wish, and the world’s hopeful expectation.

Your Honour’s in all duty,

William Shakespeare

Venus and Adonis
Even as the sun with purple-coloured face Had ta’en his last leave of the weeping morn, Rose-cheeked Adonis hied him to the chase. Hunting he loved, but love he laughed to scorn. Sick-thoughted Venus makes amain unto him, And like a bold-faced suitor ’gins to woo him. ’Thrice fairer than my self’, thus she began, ’The field’s chief flower, sweet above compare, Stain to all nymphs, more lovely than a man, More white and red than doves or roses are: Nature that made thee with herself at strife, Saith that the world hath ending with thy life. ’Vouchsafe, thou wonder, to alight thy steed, And rein his proud head to the saddle-bow. If thou wilt deign this favour, for thy meed A thousand honey secrets shalt thou know: Here come and sit, where never serpent hisses, And being set, I’ll smother thee with kisses, ’And yet not cloy thy lips with loathed satiety, But rather famish them amid their plenty, Making them red, and pale, with fresh variety: Ten kisses short as one, one long as twenty. A summer’s day will seem an hour but short, Being wasted in such time-beguiling sport.’ With this she seizeth on his sweating palm, The precedent of pith and livelihood, And, trembling in her passion, calls it balm, Earth’s sovereign salve, to do a goddess good. Being so enraged, desire doth lend her force Courageously to pluck him from his horse. Over one arm the lusty courser’s rein, Under her other was the tender boy, Who blushed and pouted in a dull disdain, With leaden appetite, unapt to toy; She red, and hot, as coals of glowing fire, He red for shame, but frosty in desire. The studded bridle on a ragged bough, Nimbly she fastens (O how quick is love!); The steed is stall`ed up, and even now, To tie the rider she begins to prove. Backward she pushed him, as she would be thrust, And governed him in strength though not in lust. So soon was she along, as he was down, Each leaning on their elbows and their hips. Now doth she stroke his cheek, now doth he frown, And ’gins to chide, but soon she stops his lips, And kissing speaks, with lustful language broken: ’If thou wilt chide, thy lips shall never open.’ He burns with bashful shame, she with her tears Doth quench the maiden burning of his cheeks; Then with her windy sighs, and golden hairs, To fan, and blow them dry again she seeks. He saith she is immodest, blames her miss; What follows more, she murders with a kiss. Even as an empty eagle sharp by fast, Tires with her beak on feathers, flesh, and bone, Shaking her wings, devouring all in haste, Till either gorge be stuffed, or prey be gone: Even so she kissed his brow, his cheek, his chin, And where she ends, she doth anew begin. Forced to content, but never to obey, Panting he lies, and breatheth in her face; She feedeth on the steam, as on a prey, And calls it heavenly moisture, air of grace, Wishing her cheeks were gardens full of flowers, So they were dewd with such distilling showers. Look how a bird lies tangled in a net, So fasten’d in her arms Adonis lies. Pure shame and awed resistance made him fret, Which bred more beauty in his angry eyes: Rain, added to a river that is rank, Perforce will force it overflow the bank. Still she entreats, and prettily entreats, For to a pretty ear she tunes her tale. Still is he sullen, still he lours and frets, ’Twixt crimson shame, and anger ashy-pale, Being red she loves him best, and being white, Her best is bettered with a more delight. Look how he can, she cannot choose but love; And by her fair immortal hand she swears, From his soft bosom never to remove, Till he take truce with her contending tears, Which long have rained, making her cheeks all wet, And one sweet kiss shall pay this countless debt. Upon this promise did he raise his chin, Like a dive-dapper peering through a wave, Who being looked on, ducks as quickly in: So offers he to give what she did crave, But when her lips were ready for his pay, He winks, and turns his lips another way. Never did passenger in summer’s heat More thirst for drink, than she for this good turn. Her help she sees, but help she cannot get; She bathes in water, yet her fire must burn: ’O! pity’, gan she cry, ’flint-hearted boy, ’Tis but a kiss I beg; why art thou coy? ’I have been wooed as I entreat thee now, Even by the stern and direful god of war, Whose sinewy neck in battle ne’er did bow, Who conquers where he comes in every jar, Yet hath he been my captive, and my slave, And begged for that which thou unasked shalt have. ’Over my altars hath he hung his lance, His battered shield, his uncontroll`ed crest, And for my sake hath learned to sport, and dance, To toy, to wanton, dally, smile, and jest, Scorning his churlish drum and ensign red, Making my arms his field, his tent my bed. ’Thus he that over-ruled, I over-swayed, Leading him prisoner in a red-rose chain. Strong-tempered steel his stronger strength obeyed; Yet was he servile to my coy disdain. O be not proud, nor brag not of thy might, For mastering her that foiled the God of fight. ’Touch but my lips with those fair lips of thine (Though mine be not so fair, yet are they red), The kiss shall be thine own as well as mine. What seest thou in the ground? Hold up thy head, Look in mine eye-balls, there thy beauty lies: Then why not lips on lips, since eyes in eyes? ’Art thou ashamed to kiss? Then wink again, And I will wink, so shall the day seem night. Love keeps his revels where there are but twain; Be bold to play; our sport is not in sight: These blue-veined violets whereon we lean Never can blab, nor know not what we mean. ’The tender spring upon thy tempting lip Shows thee unripe; yet mayst thou well be tasted. Make use of time, let not advantage slip: Beauty within itself should not be wasted, Fair flowers that are not gathered in their prime Rot, and consume themselves in little time. ’Were I hard-favoured, foul, or wrinkled old, Ill-nurtured, crook`ed, churlish, harsh in voice, O’er-worn, despis`ed, rheumatic, and cold, Thick-sighted, barren, lean, and lacking juice; Then mightst thou pause, for then I were not for thee, But having no defects, why dost abhor me? ’Thou canst not see one winkle in my brow, Mine eyes are grey, and bright, and quick in turning. My beauty as the spring doth yearly grow, My flesh is soft, and plump, my marrow burning. My smooth moist hand, were it with thy hand felt, Would in thy palm dissolve, or seem to melt. ’Bid me discourse, I will enchant thine ear, Or like a fairy trip upon the green, Or like a nymph, with long dishevelled hair, Dance on the sands, and yet no footing seen. Love is a spirit all compact of fire, Not gross to sink, but light, and will aspire. ’Witness this primrose bank whereon I lie: These forceless flowers like sturdy trees support me; Two strengthless doves will draw me through the sky, From morn till night, even where I list to sport me. Is love so light, sweet boy, and may it be That thou shouldst think it heavy unto thee? ’Is thine own heart to shine own face affected? Can thy right hand seize love upon thy left? Then woo thyself, be of thyself rejected: Steal thine own freedom, and complain on theft. Narcissus so himself himself forsook, And died to kiss his shadow in the brook. ’Torches are made to light, jewels to wear, Dainties to taste, fresh beauty for the use, Herbs for their smell, and sappy plants to bear. Things growing to themselves are growth’s abuse; Seeds spring from seeds, and beauty breedeth beauty: Thou wast begot: to get it is thy duty. ’Upon the earth’s increase why shouldst thou feed, Unless the earth with thy increase be fed? By law of nature thou art bound to breed, That thine may live, when thou thyself art dead: And so in spite of death thou dost survive, In that thy likeness still is left alive.’ By this the love-sick Queen began to sweat, For where they lay the shadow had forsook them, And Titan, tir`ed in the midday heat, With burning eye did hotly overlook them, Wishing Adonis had his team to guide, So he were like him, and by Venus’ side. And now Adonis with a lazy spright, And with a heavy, dark, disliking eye, His louring brows o’erwhelming his fair sight, Like misty vapours when they blot the sky, Souring his cheeks, cries, ’Fie, no more of love: The sun doth burn my face, I must remove.’ ’Ay me’, quoth Venus, ’Young, and so unkind, What bare excuses mak’st thou to be gone? I’ll sigh celestial breath, whose gentle wind, Shall cool the heat of this descending sun: I’ll make a shadow for thee of my hairs; If they burn too, I’ll quench them with my tears. ’The sun that shines from heaven, shines but warm, And, lo, I lie between that sun and thee: The heat I have from thence doth little harm. Thine eye darts forth the fire that burneth me, And were I not immortal, life were done, Between this heavenly and earthly sun. ’Art thou obdurate, flinty, hard as steel? Nay more than flint, for stone at rain relenteth: Art thou a woman’s son and canst not feel What ’tis to love, how want of love tormenteth? O had thy mother borne so hard a mind, She had not brought forth thee, but died unkind. ’What am I that thou shouldst contemn me this? Or what great danger dwells upon my suit? What were thy lips the worse for one poor kiss? Speak, fair, but speak fair words, or else be mute. Give me one kiss, I’ll give it thee again, And one for interest if thou wilt have twain. ’Fie, lifeless picture, cold, and senseless stone, Well-painted idol, image dull, and dead, Statue contenting but the eye alone, Thing like a man, but of no woman bred: Thou art no man, though of a man’s complexion, For men will kiss even by their own direction.’ This said, impatience chokes her pleading tongue, And swelling passion doth provoke a pause. Red cheeks, and fiery eyes blaze forth her wrong: Being judge in love, she cannot right her cause. And now she weeps, and now she fain would speak, And now her sobs do her intendments break. Sometimes she shakes her head, and then his hand; Now gazeth she on him, now on the ground; Sometimes her arms infold him like a band: She would, he will not in her arms be bound. And when from thence he struggles to be gone, She locks her lily fingers one in one. ’Fondling’, she saith, ’Since I have hemmed thee here Within the circuit of this ivory pale, I’ll be a park, and thou shalt be my deer: Feed where thou wilt, on mountain, or in dale; Graze on my lips, and if those hills be dry, Stray lower, where the pleasant fountains lie. ’Within this limit is relief enough, Sweet bottom grass, and high delightful plain, Round rising hillocks, brakes obscure and rough, To shelter thee from tempest, and from rain: Then be my deer, since I am such a park. No dog shall rouse thee, though a thousand bark.’ At this Adonis smiles as in disdain, That in each cheek appears a pretty dimple; Love made those hollows, if himself were slain, He might be buried in a tomb so simple, Foreknowing well, if there he came to lie, Why there love lived, and there he could not die. These lovely caves, these round enchanting pits, Opened their mouths to swallow Venus’ liking: Being mad before, how doth she now for wits? Struck dead at first, what needs a second striking? Poor Queen of love, in thine own law forlorn, To love a cheek that smiles at thee in scorn. Now which way shall she turn? What shall she say? Her words are done, her woes the more increasing; The time is spent, her object will away, And from her twining arms doth urge releasing. ’Pity’, she cries; ’Some favour, some remorse.’ Away he springs, and hasteth to his horse. But lo, from forth a copse that neighbours by A breeding jennet, lusty, young, and proud Adonis’ tramping courier doth espy, And forth she rushes, snorts, and neighs aloud. The strong-necked steed being tied unto a tree Breaketh his rein, and to her straight goes he. Imperiously he leaps, he neighs, he bounds, And now his woven girths he breaks asunder. The bearing earth with his hard hoof he wounds, Whose hollow womb resounds like heaven’s thunder. The iron bit he crusheth ’tween his teeth, Controlling what he was controlled with. His ears up-pricked; his braided hanging mane Upon his compassed crest now stand on end. His nostrils drink the air, and forth again, As from a furnace, vapours doth he send. His eye which scornfully glisters like fire Shows his hot courage and his high desire. Sometime he trots, as if he told the steps, With gentle majesty, and modest pride; Anon he rears upright, curvets and leaps, As who should say ’Lo, thus my strength is tried. And this I do to captivate the eye Of the fair breeder that is standing by.’ What recketh he his rider’s angry stir, His flatt’ring ’Holla’, or his ’Stand, I say!’ What cares he now for curb or pricking spur, For rich caparisons or trapping gay? He sees his love, and nothing else he sees, Nor nothing else with his proud sight agrees. Look when a painter would surpass the life In limning out a well-proportioned steed, His art with nature’s workmanship at strife, As if the dead the living should exceed: So did this horse excel a common one In shape, in courage, colour, pace and bone. Round-hoofed, short-jointed, fetlocks shag and long, Broad breast, full eye, small head, and nostril wide, High crest, short ears, straight legs and passing strong, Thin mane, thick tail, broad buttock, tender hide. Look what a horse should have he did not lack, Save a proud rider on so proud a back. Sometimes he scuds far off, and there he stares; Anon he starts at stirring of a feather; To bid the wind a base he now prepares, And whe’r he run or fly they know not whether: For through his mane and tail the high wind sings, Fanning the hairs, who wave like feather’d wings. He looks upon his love, and neighs unto her. She answers him as if she knew his mind. Being proud, as females are, to see him woo her, She puts on outward strangeness, seems unkind, Spurns at his love, and scorns the heat he feels, Beating his kind embracements with her heels. Then, like a melancholy malcontent, He vails his tail, that, like a falling plume Cool shadow to his melting buttock lent. He stamps, and bites the poor flies in his fume. His love, perceiving how he is enraged, Grew kinder, and his fury was assuaged. His testy master goeth about to take him When, lo, the unbacked breeder, full of fear, Jealous of catching, swiftly doth forsake him; With her the horse, and left Adonis there. As they were mad unto the wood they hie them, Outstripping crows that strive to overfly them. All swol’n with chafing, down Adonis sits, Banning his boist’rous and unruly beast. 1592–1593
Венера и Адонис
Манит пусть низкое чернь! А мне Аполлон белокурый Пусть наливает полней чашу кастальской струей! Овидий Любовные элегии, I, XV, 35–36 [1] .

Высокочтимому Генри Ризли, графу Саутгемптону, барону Тичфилду

Высокочтимый, мне не дано знать, не оскорбит ли Вашу Светлость посвящение столь корявых строк, ни того, подвергнусь ли осуждению света за то, что прибег к столь мощной опоре для такой неубедительной ноши; разве что, если угодил Вашей Чести, сочту это высочайшей оценкой, и дам обет лишиться всего свободного времени до тех пор, пока не почту Вас более весомым трудом. Но если этот первенец моей фантазии уродлив, я буду сожалеть, что избрал для него столь благородного покровителя, и не стану более засевать тощую почву, опасаясь, что она принесет дурной урожай. Отдаю это на Ваш досточтимый суд, и желаю Вашей Чести исполнения всех упований: как Ваших собственных, так и уповающего на Вас света.

1

Перевод С. В. Шервинского

в официальном магазине Литрес

Без серии

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