22. Westward for Smelts. Or, the Water-man's Fare of Mad-Merry Western Wenches… (London, 1620), 24; Giovannia Boccaccio, The Corbaccio, ed. and trans. Anthony K. Cassell (Urbana, 111., 1975), 28; George Chapman, An Humerous Dayes Myrth (London, 1599), 9; Feb. 14,1668, Pepys, Diary, IX, 71; April 1683, Wood, Life, 42; Jeffrey Merrick and Bryant T. Ragan, Jr., eds., Homosexuality in Early Modern France: A Documentary Collection (New York, 2001), 38; Piero Camporesi, Exotic Brew: The Art of Living in the Age of Enlightenment (Maiden, Mass., 1994), 12.

23. Thomas D'Urfey, Squire Oldsapp: or, the Night-Adventures (London, 1679), 29; Dec. 27,1775, Charles Ryskamp and Frederick A Pottle, eds., Boswell: The Ominous Years, 1774–1776 (New York, 1963), 206, passim; Cecil Aspinall-Oglander, Admiral's Widow: Being the Life and Letters of the Hon. Mrs. Edward Boscawenfrom 1761 to 1805 (London, 1942), 88–89; July 13,1716, William Matthews, ed., The Diary of Dudley Ryder, 1715–1716 (London, 1939), 274, passim; June 5,1763, Pottle, ed., Boswell's London Journal, 273.

24. "A City Night-piece in Winter," Walker’s Hibernian Magazine 9 (1779), 272; OBP, Apr. 28,1731,16–17; "The Watchman's Description of Covent Garden at Two o'clock in the Morning," Weekly Amusement (London), May 5,1764.

25. "X.Y.," LM, Jan. 26,1773; Graham Greene, Lord Rochester’s Monkey, Being the Life of John Wilmot, Second Earl of Rochester (London, 1974), 106; Oct. 23, 26, 1668, Feb. 3, 1664, Pepys, Diary, DC, 335–336, 338–339, V, 37; "The Connoisseur," HMM and GA, Mar. 18, 1755; Bryson, Courtesy to Civility, 250, 254–255; Jeunes Grantham Turner, Libertines and Radicals in Early Modern London: Sexuality, Politics, and Literary Culture, 1630–1685 (Cambridge, 2002), 226–227.

26. Harold Love, ed., The Works of John Wilmot, Earl of Rochester (Oxford, 1999), 45; Guy Chapman, ed., The Travel-Diaries of William Beckford of Fonthill (Cambridge, 1928), II, 55; Robert Shoemaker, "Male Honour and the Decline of Public Violence in Eighteenth-Century London," SH 26 (2001), 200; Bryson, Courtesy to Civility, 249; Barker-Benfield, Sensibility, 47; May 3, 1709, Cowper, Diary; Julius R. Ruff, Crime, Justice and Public Order in Old Regime France: The S'en'echauss'ees of Liboume and Bazas, 1696–1789 (London, 1984), 91.

27. Thornton Shirley Graves, "Some Pre-Mohock Clansmen," Studies in Philology 20 (1923), 395–421; Grose, Dictionary; Moryson, Unpublished Itinerary, 463; Helen Langdon, Caravaggio: A Life (New York, 1999), 133,312–314.

28. Graves, "Pre-Mohock Clansmen," 399,395–421, passim; Bryson, Courtesy to Civility, 249; May 30, 1668, Pepys, Diary, IX, 218–219; The Town-Rakes: or, the Frolicks of the Mohocks or Hawkubites (London, 1712); Swift, Journal, II, 524–525, 508–515, passim; Mar. 20,1712, Cowper, Diary; Daniel Statt, "The Case of the Mohocks: Rake Violence in Augustan London," SH 20 (1995), 179–199.

29. Shakespeare, 1 Henry IV, I, 2,137–139,159; Verdon, Night, 46; US and WJ, Apr. 11, 1730; A Pleasant and Delightful Story of King Henry the VIII, and a Cobler (n.p., [1670?]); Theophilius Cibber, The Lives of the Poets of Great Britain and Ireland (1753; rpt. edn., Hildesheim, Ger., 1968), II, 289; Roelker, ed. and trans., Paris of Henry of Navarre, 52, 47, 77; Edouard Fournier, Les Lanternes: Histoire de l'Ancien 'Eclairage de Paris (Paris, 1854), 15; Matthiessen, Natten, 134, 132; Benjamin Silliman, A Journal of Travels in England, Holland, and Scotland… (New Haven, 1820), 1,179; Frederic J. Baumgartner, France in the Sixteenth Century (New York, 1995), 222.

1. Shakespeare, King John, 1,1,172.

2. Thomas Dekker, The Seven Deadly Sinnes of London, ed. H. F. B. Brett-Smith (1606; rpt. edn., New York, 1922), 31; Eric Robinson et al., eds., The Early Poems of John Clare, 1804–1822 (Oxford, 1989), II, 197; Douglas Grant, ed., The Poetical Works of Charles Churchill (Oxford, 1956), 58; E. P. Thompson, "Eighteenth-Century English Society: Class Struggle without Class?" SH 3 (1978), 158; Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi and Eugene Rochberg-Halton, The Meaning of Things: Domestic Symbols and the Self (Cambridge, 1981), 16–52, passim.

3. May 23,1693, May 25,1686, Wood, Life, V, 423,187; E. S. De Beer, ed., Diary of Mary, Countess Cowper (London, 1864), 1,19; Legg, Low-Life, 93.

4. Franco Mormando, The Preacher's Demons: Bernardino of Sienna and the Social Underworld of Early Renaissance Italy (Chicago, 1999), 85; Nov. 27, 28,1625, [Andr'es De La Vega], Memorias de Sevilla, 1600–1678, ed. Francisco Morales Padr'on (Cordoba, 1981), 50; Thomas V. Cohen, "The Case of the Mysterious Coil of Rope: Street Life and Jewish Persona in Rome in the Middle of the Sixteenth Century," Sixteenth Century Journal 19 (1988), 209–221; Elliot Horowitz, "The Eve of the Circumcision: A Chapter in the History of Jewish Nightlife," JSH 23 (1989), 48; Anna Foa, The Jews of Europe after the Black Death, trans. Andrea Grover (Berkeley, Calif., 2000), 143.