62. William Howitt, The Rural Life of England (1844; rpt. edn., Shannon, Ire., 1972), 238; Pierre-Jakez H'elias, The Horse of Pride: Life in a Breton Village, trans. June Guichamaud (New Haven, 1978), 73–74; George Peek, The Old Wives' Tale (London, 1595).

63. Jean-Louis Flandrin, Families in Former Times: Kinship, Household and Sexuality, trans. Richard Southern (Cambridge, 1979), 108–109.

64. Breton, Works, II, 10; Medick, "Spinning Bees," 334; Paroimiographia (Italian), 7; Schindler, "Youthful Culture," 257.

65. Medick, "Spinning Bees," 334; Martine Segalen, Love and Power in the Peasant Family: Rural France in the Nineteenth Century, trans. Sarah Matthews (Chicago, 1983), 126; Madeline Jeay, ed., Les 'Evangiles des Quenouilles… (Paris, 1985), passim; Verdon, Night, 121–122; Rozsika Parker, The Subversive Stitch Embroidery and the Making of the Feminine (London, 1984), 98.

66. Rudolph M. Bell, How to Do It: Guides to Good Living for Renaissance Italians (Chicago, 1999), 249; Medick, "Spinning Bees," 333, 331; Lyndal Roper, The Holy Household: Women and Morals in Reformation Augsburg (Oxford, 1989), 179.

67. SAS, VIII, 417; Bell, Peasantry of Ireland, 20–21; Harvey Mitchell, "The World between the Literate and Oral Traditions in Eighteenth-Century France: Ecclesiastical Instructions and Popular Mentalities," in Roseann Runte, ed., Studies in Eighteenth-Century Culture: Volume 8 (Madison, Wise., 1979), 55; Jean-Michel Boehler, La Paysannerie de la Plaine d'Alsace (Strasbourg, 1995), II, 1963.

1. Mercier, The Night Cap (Philadelphia, 1788), 4.

2. RB, I, 87; Sean Shesgreen, Hogarth and the Times-of-the-Day Tradition (Ithaca, N.Y., 1983), 47.

3. Jan. 10,1694, East Anglian Diaries, 207, passim; John Holloway, ed., The Oxford Bock of Local Verses (Oxford, 1987), 15; Keith Thomas, "Work and Leisure in Pre-Industrial Society," PP 29 (1964), 50–62; Peter Burke, "The Invention of Leisure in Early Modem Europe," PP 146 (1995), 136–151; Joan-Lluis Marfany, "The Invention of Leisure in Early Modem Europe: Comment," PP 156 (1997), 174–192.

4. John Aubrey, Aubrey's Natural History of Wiltshire (1847; rpt. edn., New York, 1969), 11; Edward Shorter, The Making of the Modern Family (New York, 1975), 76.

5. Sept. 10,1758, Woodforde, Diary, TV, 226, passim; July 26,1761, Mar. 7,1758, Turner, Diary, 232,141, passim; ECR, passim.

6. Jan. 14, Mar. 14, Nov. 10, 15, 1624, Beck, Diary, 32, 61, 203, 206, passim; Jeroen Blaak, "Autobiographical Reading and Writing: The Diary of David Beck (1624)," in Rudolph Dekker, ed., Egodocuments and History: Autobiographical Writing in Its Social Context since the Middle Ages (Hilversum, 2002), 61–87.

7. Jan. 23,1662, June 5,1661, Pepys, Diary, III, 17, II, 115, passim.

8. Clare Williams, trans., Thomas Platter's Travels in England, 1599 (London, 1937), 189; Keith Wrightson, "Alehouses, Order and Reformation in Rural England, 1590–1660," in Eileen and Stephen Yeo, eds., Popular Culture and Class Conflict, 1590–1914: Explorations in the History of Labour and Leisure (Sussex, Eng., 1981), 10, passim; Burke, Popular Culture, 110; Peter Clark, The English Alehouse: A Social History (London, 1983), passim; Thomas Brennan, Public Drinking and Popular Culture in Eighteenth-Century Paris (Princeton, N. J., 1988); B. Ann Tlusty, Bacchus and Civic Order: The Culture of Drink in Early Modern Germany (Charlottesville, Va., 2001).

9. Monsieur Sorbiere, A Voyage to England… (London, 1709), 62; LC, June 6, 1761; William W. Hagen, "Village Life in East-Elbian Germany and Poland, 1400–1800: Subjections, Self-Defence, Survival," in Tom Scott, ed., The Peasantries of Europe: From the Fourteenth to the Eighteenth Centuries (Harlow, Eng., 1998), 146; Wrightson, "Alehouses," 2; Thomas, Religion and the Decline of Magic, 19; Hans-Joachim Voth, Time and Work in England 1750–1830 (Oxford, 2000), 80–81; Brennan, Public Drinking, 160–171; Tlusty, Bacchus, 150,158,187, passim.

10. OED, s. V. "kidney"; Daniel Defoe, The True-Born English-Man… (London, 1708), 15; L. H. Butterfield et al. eds., Diary and Autobiography of John Adams (Cambridge, Mass., 1961), 1,214; RB, 1,414; LC, Jan. 23,1762, 76; A. M., The Reformed Gentleman… (London, 1693), 49; LE-P, June 23,1763; Yves-Marie Berc'e History of Peasant Revolts: The Social Origins of Rebellion in Early Modern France, trans. Amanda Whitmore (Ithaca, N.Y., 1990), 59.