39. The Rules of Civility (London, 1685), 114–115, passim; Norbert Elias, The Civilizing Process: The Development of Manners…, trans. Edmond Jephcott, 2 vols. (New York, 1978–1982); Ruff, Violence, 7–8; Penelope Corfield, "Walking the City Streets: The Urban Odyssey in Eighteenth-Century England," JUH 16 (1990), 132–174; Jan Bremmer and Herman Roodenburg, eds., A Cultural History of Gesture (Ithaca, N.Y., 1992), passim.

40. Sir Thomas Overbury, His Wife (London, 1622); Feb. 8, 1660, Pepys, Diary, I, 46; Schindler, "Youthful Culture," 275; Thomas Bell, May 2,1666, York Depositions, 142; WJ, Mar. 23,1723.

41. Richard A. Page and Martin K. Moss, "Environmental Influences on Aggression: The Effects of Darkness and Proximity of Victim," Journal of Applied Social Psychology 6 (1976), 126–133.

42. Francis Lenton, Characterismi: or, Lemons Leasures… (London, 1631); Robert E. Thayer, The Origin of Everyday Moods: Managing Energy, Tension, and Stress (New York, 1996), passim.

43. Carolyn Pouncy, ed., The “Domostroi": Rules for Russian Households in the Time of Ivan the Terrible (Ithaca, N. Y., 1994), 81; Arne Jansson, From Swords to Sorrow: Homicide and Suicide in Early Modern Stockholm (Stockholm, 1998), 125.

44. F. G. Emmison, ed., Elizabethan Life: Disorder; Mainly from Essex Sessions and Assize Records (Chelmsford, Eng., 1970), 206; Matthiessen, Natten, 133; Ruff, Violence, 126; Muchembled, Violence, 31–32.

45. Francis Henderson, June 11, 1777, Assi 45/33/l/14а; Plain Advice to Hard-Drinkers… (London, 1796), 10; Pieter Spierenburg, "Knife Fighting and Popular Codes of Honor in Early Modem Amsterdam," in Pieter Spierenburg, ed., Men and Violence: Gender, Honor, and Rituals in Modern Europe and America (Columbus, Ohio, 1998), 109; Julius R. Ruff, Crime, Justice and Public Order in Old Regime France: The S'en'echauss'ees of Libourne and Bazas, 1696–1789 (London, 1984), 80–81.

46. Dietz, Surgeon, 194; Johnson, London, 17; Muchembled, Violence, 32; Beattie, Crime, 93; Schindler, Rebellion, 215–216.

47. Matthiessen, Natten, 96.

48. "Palladio," Middlesex Journal, or, Chronicle of Liberty (London), July 30,1769; Shakespeare, Othello, 1,1,75; William Devenant, The Wits (London, 1636); Thomas, Religion and the Decline of Magic, 15; Johan Goudsblom, Fire and Civilization (London, 1992), 144–145.

49. James Gabriel Fyfe, ed., Scottish Diaries and Memoirs, 1550–1746 (Stirling, Scot., 1928), 259; Samuel H. Baron, ed. and trans., The Travels of Olearius in Seventeenth Century Russia (Stanford, Calif., 1967), 112; Penny Roberts, "Agencies Human and Divine: Fire in French Cities, 1520–1720," in William G. Naphy and Penny Roberts, eds., Fear in Early Modem Society (Manchester, 1997), 9.

50. Stephen Porter, "Fires in Stratford-upon-Avon in the Sixteenth & Seventeenth Centuries," Warwickshire History 3 (1976), 103, passim.

51. Thomas, Religion and the Decline of Magic, 333; Mar. 16, 1701, Cowper, Diary; Matthiessen, Natten, 121–122.

52. Sir Richard Blackmore, Prince Arthur (London, 1695), 190; E. L. Jones et al., A Gazetteer of English Urban Fire Disasters, 1500–1900 (Norwich, 1984).

53. Roy Porter, London, a Social History (Cambridge, Mass., 1995), 85; Sept. 4,1666, Evelyn, Diary, III, 454; Neil Hanson, The Great Fire of London: In that Apocalyptic Year (Hoboken, N. J., 2002).

54. NYWJ, Sept. 26,1737; SJC, Aug. 4,1785; Roberts, "Fire in French Cities," 9—27.

55. Mar. 30,1760, "Stow, and John Gate's Diary," Worcester Society of Antiquity Proceedings (1898), 270; Carl Bridenbaugh, Cities in the Wilderness: The First Century of Urban Life in America, 1625–1742 (Oxford, 1971), 55–63,206–213,364-372; Carl Bridenbaugh, Cities in Revolt: Urban Life in America, 1743–1776 (Oxford, 1971), 18,100–105, 292–294.