54. Gamert, Lampan, 104–105, 278–279; Magnus Gislason, Kv"allsvaka: En Isl"andsk Kulturtradition Belyst Genom Studier i Bondebefolkningens Vardagsliv… (Uppsala, 1977), 144,149; Jonathan Swift, Directions to Servants: and Miscellaneous Pieces, 1733–1742, ed. Herbert John Davis (Oxford, 1959), 20.

55. George Washington Greene, ed., The Works of Joseph Addison (Philadelphia, 1883), I, 314; O'Dea, Lighting, 2; Domestic Management… (London, n. d), 22,48.

56. J. J. Evans, ed., Welsh Proverbs: A Selection, with English Translations (Llandysul, Wales, 1965), 31; Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Emile: or On Education, trans. Allan Bloom (New York, 1979), 133; Craufurd Tait Ramage, Ramage in South Italy…, ed. Edith Clay (London, 1965), 150; Gamert, Lampan, 76–77; Robert Cleaver, A Godly Forme of Houshold Government (London, 1621); Tour of Sotterley Plantation, Md., Oct. 11,1992.

57. Alice Morse Earle, Customs and Fashions in Old New England (1893; rpt. edn., Detroit, 1968), 127; Henry Davidoff, World Treasury of Proverbs… (New York, 1946), 81; UM, May, 1751, 220; Peter Thornton, The Italian Renaissance Interior, 1400–1600 (New York, 1991), 276; Moryson, Itinerary, TV, 201–202.

58. Cotgrave, Dictionarie.

59. Ruff, Violence, 76; R'etif de la Br'etonne, My Father's Life, trans. Richard Veasey (Gloucestet, Eng., 1986), 6; Rudolf Dekker, Childhood, Memory and Autobiography in Holland: From the Golden Age to Romanticism (New York, 2000), 33.

60. Apr. 30,1645, Josselin, Diary, 39; May 18,1668, Pepys, Diary, IX, 204.

61. James Gregory, Nov. 26, 1773, Assi 45/31/2; Sept. 6,11,1794, June 6,1795, Drinker, Diary, 1,590,592,689; Dec. 2,1766 and Feb. 8,1767, Cole, Diary, 161,184.

62. Vittore Branca, ed., Mercanti Scrittori: Ricordi Nella Firenze Tra Medioevo e Rinascimento (Milan, 1986), 379; Mar. 31, 1771, Carter, Diary, I, 554–555; Dec. 15, 1780, Apr. 14, 1781, Apr. 13,1785, Dec. 28,1794, Mar. 14,17,1795, Woodforde, Diary, l, 298,307, II, 184, IV, 163,182,183.

63. Pinkerton, Travels, II, 94; May 20,1786, Diary of Dr. Samuel Adams, 1758–1819, New York Public Library, and passim; June 7,1745, Kay, Diary, 97, and passim.

64. Laurel Thatcher Ulrich, "Martha Ballard and Her Girls: Women's Work in Eighteenth-Century Maine," in Stephen Inn'es, ed., Work and Labor in Early America (Chapel Hill, N. C, 1988), 70; D. B. Horn and Mary Ransome, eds., English Historical Documents, 1714–1783 (New York, 1957), 671–672; Apr. 10, 1785, Oct. 1, 1804, "Mrs. Ballard's Diary," in Charles E. Nash, The History of Augusta, Maine (Augusta, Maine, 1904), 237,421, and passim; PL, Oct. 22,1765; Laurel Thatcher Ulrich, A Midwife's Tale: The Life of Martha Ballard, Based on Her Diary, 1785–1812 (New York, 1990), 203; Anthony F. Aveni, Empires of Time: Calendars, Clocks, and Cultures (New York, 1989), 35.

65. Apr. 1,1657, Josselin, Diary, 395; Apr. 14,1768, Woodforde, Diary, 1,74.

66. Abel Boyer, Dictionaire Royal… (Amsterdam, 1719); Marvin Lowenthal, trans., The Memoirs of Gl"uckei of Hameln (n.p., 1932), 120; Frank D. Prager, ed., The Autobiography of John Fitch (Philadelphia, 1976), 41; Mary J. Dobson, Contours of Death and Disease in Early Modern England (New York, 1997), 274–276.

67. Paroimiographia (English), 8; Apr. 6,1669, East Anglian Diaries, 119; Benjamin Franklin, Writings, ed. J. A. Leo Lemay (New York, 1987), 221; Thoresby, Diary, 1,7.

68. Smith, De Republica Anglorum, ed. Mary Dewar (Cambridge, 1982), 107; OBP, passim; Brettone, Father's Life, trans. Veasey, 119; Henry Brisker, Apr. 9, 1766, Assi 45/28/2/124; Elizabeth S. Cohen, "Honor and Gender in the Streets of Early Modem Rome," J1H 22 (1992), 614.

69. Dec. 13, 1672, Isham, Diary, 175; Henry Preston, Assi 45/14/1/135; OBP, Apr. 24–27, 1745,137.

70. OBP, May 10,1722,7; Select Trials, 1,305.

71. ECR, VIII, 101; OBP, Oct. 16–21,1728, Apr. 15,1724,4–5, Apr. 8-14,1752,131.

72. Jean-Louis Flandrin, Families in Former Times: Kinship, Household and Sexuality, trans. Richard Southern (Cambridge, 1979), 44; Oct. 5,1725, Sanderson, Diary, 80–81; OBP, Jan. 16–18, 1745, 62–63; Samuel H. Baron, ed. and trans., The Travels of Olearius in Seventeenth-Century Russia (Stanford, Calif, 1967), 150. См. также: A. Voisin, "Notes sur la Vie Urbaine au XV Si`ecle: Dijon la Nuit," Annales de Bourgogne 9 (1937), 276.